Hanging Gardens

What are the Seven Wonders of the World? I’ve just looked them up. Two were in Greece, two in Turkey, two in Egypt and one was in Iraq. If you want to have a think about it the answers are at the end of this article.

But I’m only bothered about the Iraqi one, as not only is it The Hanging Gardens of Babylon but it is also in what was known as Mesopotamia which is my favourite historical place and time for all sorts of reasons.

By about 3000 BCE its peoples had developed cities and a writing system. Evidence for their gardens comes from written texts, pictorial sculpture, and archaeology. For instance at Mari in about 1,800 BCE the inner and outer defensive walls were circular and it is thought that the land between the walls was used for gardens. It was normal for Mesopotamian gardens to be planted with date palms beneath which fruit trees and vegetables were grown. Mari is 150 miles upriver from Babylon.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon - artist's impression

One of the oldest mentions of the Hanging Gardens is attributed to the 3rd century BCE Babylonian priest Berossus. Original writings from Berossus haven’t survived, but Laurie Pearce, an Assyriologist at the University of California, Berkeley, says that his works were quoted by Greek historians. The 1st century Roman historian Flavius Josephus quoted Berossus talking about Babylon having walls with hanging gardens, paradise with plenty of different species of trees.

The most popular story about the Hanging Gardens involves the Babylonian, King Nebuchadnezzar II, and his queen Amytis: “Nebuchadnezzar rendered the prospect an exact resemblance of a mountainous country. This he did to gratify his queen, because she had been brought up in Media, and was fond of a mountainous situation”.

The lack of any solid archaeological evidence has led some scholars to believe that the gardens didn’t exist at all, that they were merely a figment of ancient Greek minds and lore. But some scholars are dismissive of this take:

“That’s a pretty stupid copout really,” says Stephanie Dalley, an Assyriologist the University of Oxford. “It doesn’t make sense to say we couldn’t find it, so it didn’t exist.”

Dalley believes the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were actually the Hanging Gardens of Nineveh — an Assyrian city sometimes called Babylon in historical texts.

Recent excavations have found traces of aqueducts. One near Nineveh was so vast that Dalley said its remains looked like a stretch of motorway from the air, and it bore a crucial inscription: "Sennacherib king of the world … Over a great distance I had a watercourse directed to the environs of Nineveh …"

Dalley said: "That the Hanging Garden was built in Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar the Great is a fact learned at school and … 'verified' in encyclopaedias … To challenge such a universally accepted truth might seem the height of arrogance, revisionist scholarship ... But Assyriology is a relatively recent discipline … Facts that once seemed secure become redundant."

Sennacherib's palace, with steps of semi-precious stone and an entrance guarded by colossal copper lions, was magnificent. Dalley pieced together ancient texts to reveal a garden that recreated a mountain landscape. It boasted terraces, pillared walkways, exotic plants and trees, and rippling streams.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon - in Lego

Little of Nineveh – near present-day Mosul – has so far been explored, because it has been judged too dangerous to conduct excavations.

And these are the Seven Wonders of the World:
The Great Pyramid of Giza, the Colossus of Rhodes, the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Temple of Artemis, the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.

There does not seem to be any decent poems about The Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Which seems odd. So, I used Garden as a subject and found this haiku by Bashō:

winter garden
the moon thinned to a thread
insects singing
                                translated by Robert Hass

Thanks for reading, Terry Q.

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Spice Up Your Life

Where to begin? What are little girls made of? Well 'sugar and spice and all things nice' of course. Not boring old herbs - they are growing at the bottom of every ordinary garden.  When spices were first traded they were very expensive commodities: So expensive that the people who unloaded the cargoes from ships were often paid in cloves. Nutmeg was literally worth its weight in gold and the island of Run where it was grown had the most expensive real estate on earth. 

The Spice Routes were maritime routes linking the East to the West. Pepper, cloves, cinnamon, and nutmeg were all hugely sought-after commodities in Europe, but before the 15th century access to trade with the East was controlled by North African and Arab middlemen, making such spices extremely costly and rare.

Exploration between the 15th and 17th centuries brought about by new navigation technology made sailing long distances possible, Europeans took to the seas to forge direct trading relationships with Indonesia, China, and Japan. Some have argued that it was the spice trade that fuelled the development of faster boats, encouraged the discovery of new lands, and fostered new diplomatic relationships between East and West. It was probably with the discovery of new sources of spice in mind, that Christopher Columbus set out in 1492 and ended up finding America.



The blue line shows the extent of the maritime Spice Route: The red line - the Silk Road. 

The Dutch and English especially profited from the control of the spice trade in the East Indies—modern-day Indonesia, especially the area known as the Moluccas, or Spice Islands, which were the only source of nutmeg and cloves at that time. Wars were fought, lands colonized, and fortunes made on the back of the spice trade, making this trade route one of the most significant in terms of globalization.

These days the chocolate industry thrives on spicing up our lives. I am a chocolate ginger girl myself, but think nothing of throwing cinnamon into chocolate cake, or indeed a stew.   I love the taste of and colour of saffron and recently went up into the hills near Alicante to sample saffron honey - the taste is really incredible.

I grew up with spice. I cannot imagine how food would taste without. I love to smell a baked egg custard, warm from the oven, smothered with freshly grated nutmeg, (even though I can't eat eggs). I mull my own wine at Christmas and bake a strudel full of spice, nuts and mincemeat. I love spice. I even put black pepper on my strawberries.

One of my all-time favourite things in life,  is popping cloves into the scored fat of a ham -  coating with brown sugar - the smell of it cooking makes my mouth water, filling the house with a warming smile and evoking happy memories of family, childhood and love. Spice is an adventure. Go on - I dare you - spice up your life.

Cargoes
Quinquireme of Nineveh from distant Ophir
Rowing home to haven in sunny Palestine,
With a cargo of ivory.
And Apes and peacocks.
Sandalwood, cedarwood and sweet white wine.

Stately Spanish galleon, coming from the Isthmus,
Dipping through the Tropics by the palm-green shores,
With a cargo of diamonds,
Emeralds, amethysts,
Topazes and cinnamon and gold moidores.

Dirty British coaster with a salt-caked smoke stack
Butting through the Channel in the mad March days,
With a cargo of Tyne coal,
Road-rail, pig-lead,
Firewood, iron-ware and cheap tin trays.
                                                       
                                              by John Masefield (1878-1967)

Thanks for reading

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