It would appear there were seven legitimate options to choose from in the quadrant between north and west...and north by northwest is not one of them. Poor form that, Alfred Hitchcock, MGM and all. 😂
32 point compass rose |
Prior to the development of the compass you'd have had to attempt all such feats by reading celestial bodies, observing well-known landmarks or trusting in the flightpaths of migrant birds. However, the invention of the compass made it possible to determine a heading when the sky was obscured, no landmarks were in sight and migrating birds were out of season.
The first primitive compasses were created in China some 2000 years ago using lodestone (a naturally magnetised mineral) which was observed both to attract iron and, when suspended in water or oil (as was the common design at the time) would align itself with the earth's magnetic field. On account of this latter property, it was given the charmingly descriptive name 'south facing fish ' I paused momentarily to query why not north facing fish? But I suppose it's just a convention of heads and tails.
Interestingly, although the Chinese led the way in the understanding of magnetism, those early compasses were used not so much for navigation as for geomancy (my word of the week), for assisting in the art of Feng Shui to literally ensure a house was favourably oriented (and why not occidented?) in relation to ley lines or the flow of powerful magic forces. And it was Arab travellers to China who first brought compass technology to the west (or occident) approximately 1000 years ago.
Compass needles by now were little strips of iron that had been magnetised by being stroked by lodestone, often still suspended in a liquid within a circular container marked with the four cardinal points N, S, E, W and used primarily on board ships for navigation.
500 years further along the timeline came the development of the dry compass with its three key components of a freely turning magnetised needle mounted on a pin above a calibrated 'rose', all enclosed in a small box with a flat base and a glass lid, the essence of the compasses we know and use today for taking bearings and orienteering, though plastic casings are the norm.
As for the sophistication of those 32 points on the rose, that was the work of maritime engineers in the Mediterranean some time in the 16th century and the points were all named after winds (see below).
And there you have it. The only bit I've skipped is about magnetic north, which is a shifty blighter and best left for another day. Before I get to the poem however, here's an on theme musical bonus from talented American guitarist and singer/ songwriter Molly Tuttle: Take The Journey Enjoy.
Given that it is Armistice Day today and Remembrance Sunday tomorrow I've written something harking back to the First World War and imagined one of the thousands of lost and lonely deaths of young soldiers. In this case, specifically Americans, many still in their teens, who when the USA joined late in the war were dispatched up to the front lines in the summer of 1918 in northern France as part of the last great tactical gamble to repulse the Germans who had gained vast swathes of land in their spring offensive and to drive the enemy away from the outskirts of Paris and back to the east. There were 10,000 American casualties alone in the Battle of Belleau Wood.
lost forever in Belleau Wood (June 1918) |
A Private Dying
The rain, the constant stumbling pain,
sound of sustained firing, friend or foe?
He'd taken some hits, he knew, compass
shot to bits, unsteady groping from tree
to sodden tree and tears too now. Why
did he think of Babes in the Wood?
Murder in the Dark more like, though
he'd never imagined this as a child
an ocean and a short lifetime away
when he'd played out with his pals
in the walnut orchard at twilight till
his mother called him in. Blood
rose in his throat, bubbling on his lips
tasty as copper, and shaken by a palsy
of shivering his legs gave way. All lost,
he thought, where did I go wrong? Some
son I've turned out to be. Forgive me
mother, father. Remember me at home.
No sooner had he kissed the earth goodbye
than his spirit slipped through patchy skies,
a sliver rippling into the circling shoal
of departed souls, south pointing fish all
twisting like an unruly silver tide at
the bidding of some wanton bloody moon.
Thanks for reading, S ;-)
26 comments:
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Well done Steve. Amusing informative and touching. 👏
That brought back memories of Geography field trips. Well done with the poem.
What a moving poem.
What a great blog. It delighted me to learn that the points of the compass were named after winds and the directions from which they blew - so obvious really for navigational purposes. As for your amusing list of orienting classics, may I suggest Travels With A Tangerine? If you've not come across it, a wonderful book by Tim Mackintosh-Smith recreating the 14th century voyages of discovery undertaken by the Moroccan Ibn Battutah. Your war poem is very powerful.
That's such a moving poem for Remembrance Day. They were little more than children, many of those young men. ❤️
Fascinating stuff Steve. It prompted me to do a bit of a readaround as well, so now I know the difference between cardinal points, ordinal points and some of the other inbetweens! (LOL) Thanks for the introduction to Molly Tuttle, she's one nifty guitar player. And I love your heart-rending poem of a Private Dying.
What a very interesting article. I had no idea the Chinese discovered it first and for geomancy. I agree about it being a word of the week.
Just watched 100 Days tv series about that period in WW1. How could those generals and politicians live with themselves after all that slaughter.
You hit the mark with the poem.
It's an affecting poem. A good thing you explained about south facing fish first.
Ooh, I love the idea of geomancy, practising the green arts.
Such a sad poem.
I really enjoyed your brief and pointed history of the compass and clever of you to take those orienteering references into your poignant poem of loss.
Such a powerful poem. ❤️
Clearly not everyone has your attention to detail (LOL). A most enjoyable read and yes, a most poignant poem.
We used to do a lot of walking, with OS maps and a compass just in case! Well done with the moving poem.
Good blog and poem Steve. Trouble with the US troops under Pershing is that they weren't wise to the ways of warfare like the Brits and the Germans had become through 4 years of slogging it out. Our boys were naive and not much more than like cannon-fodder.
Instructive and poignant.
A great read. Australia might not have been 'discovered' but for the invention of the compass. Your poem is very moving. Here people tend to focus on ANZAC Day in April. Have you seen Russell Crowe's film The Water Diviner about Gallipoli?
North is drifting in the wind and does an about turn now and then, painting stripes on the ocean floor.
Laxmiben Hirani. As always great detail and very deep poem touching the heart and mind by our amazing Steve. Beautiful way joining the invention of the compass, which we all must learn to buy and read. Love the touch of Remembrance Day where they just wanted to kill and conquer.
Incredibly moving, by your poem of disorientation and death. So many sacrificed so young.
A deeply affecting poem, Steve, with magical effects. The music wasn't really to my taste. Compasses, unfortunately, mean nothing to me and lost on a mountain or deep countryside, I just wouldn't have a clue!
Thanks for link to poem Steve ;) It's excellent!!
I remember doing Wilfred Owen War poems at secondary school,
But it was something then one couldn't relate to at that age !!
A very moving and powerful poem expressing the futility and waste of war.
As a girl guide i always carried a compass in my pocket but never mastered how to use it, or appreciated its history.
Thank you Steve for a fascinating article and a moving poem.
Really good. I would have taken a guess at the compass being Greek. I particularly like the pervasive sense of disorientation in your poignant war poem (and what a title).
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