Magazines: Creative Inspiration

Several years ago I was gifted a carload of National Geographic magazines. For nearly a decade I have cut them up incorporating bits into my own collages. I have also used them as resource material in multi-media workshops. Most of these periodicals are now in pieces, butchered as sacrificial lambs for the sake of art. 

11th February 2024, Manchester Museum (Image credit: Kate Eggleston-Wirtz)

With my stash considerably depleted, I recently went on a quest to find new source material. Facebook Marketplace proved fruitful. Whilst perusing, I came across a Marketplace post selling Country Life magazines (1972–2002). Fortuitously I know David Hoyle at Lytham Heritage Group Archive Centre who posted this advertisement and contacted him straight away wondering if LHG would take an offer for a handful of the bundles (the entire lot listed at £200). He said, Yes indeed. Come next Wednesday with a shopping trolley.

Off I traipsed on 14th February with my green festival trolley chucked in the car as suggested (lol), drove across town, parked up, walked the high street towing the trolley and arrived to be greeted by the leaning towers of Country Life. It was pot luck so I grabbed four bundles, had a chat, made my donation and hauled away my treasures back to their new home in the studio. At the time of this writing there are still loads left if anyone is interested. Also, the LHG Archive is well worth a visit and inspirational unto itself.

Country Life magazines (Image credit: Lytham Heritage Group)

I was excited and it didn’t take long to get creatively stuck in. Country Life December 23/30 1993, page 58 and Country Life April 28, 1994, Page 76 quickly became defaced by turning them into Blackout Poetry for the 23 February A Dead Good Blog post, ‘Blackout Poetry: Creative Development’.

detail from KEW Blackout Poetry, Dead Good Blog, 23rd February 2024

To recap from previous articles, Blackout Poetry along with Collage Poetry are forms of Found Poetry, whereby the poet finds words within text already published. Blackout Poetry leaves the words in situ as they appeared in print whilst Collage Poetry is formed from selected cut out words from a page or pages of writing/s and reassembled. In the piece below the words were cut out of a copy of BBC Magazine from July 2006.

KEW Collage Poetry, Dead Good Blog, 18th April 2022 

In further investigation into Collage Poetry, also referred to as Cut-Up Poetry, I came across a quote by Bachalard (1958) that sums up this method and actually all Found Poetry quite well:

A competition of surprises that stimulates our consciousness…cut-ups seem to have just this quality, taking an existing, often unpromising piece of text and transforming it into something new and worthwhile in its own right…

The inspirational beauty of these different methods of Found Poetry for the writer is creating with words and phrases that may never come to mind under normal circumstances. We all have favourite words and ways of wordsmithing resulting in our own unique voices i.e. Edgar Allen Poe who often wrote in a ballad-like format vs Edward Lear who enjoyed producing nonsensical limericks.

Following on from the Blackout Poetry and Collage Poetry experiments I thought I would try something different with the magazine pages. I made an attempt to combine the idea of Found Poetry and how poets traditionally create, Pulling Words Out Of The Head Poetry; this new form, at least I think it’s a new form, I have dubbed the Paragraphs Pencil Pick.

Paragraphs Pencil Pick Poetry doesn’t necessarily destroy the actual magazine text - it could, but doesn’t need to. All that’s required is a piece of paper and a pencil/pen, alternatively a computer (depends on if you are old school or not), a pair of eyes for scanning and a want/need to find words that intuitively speak to the heart. The article ‘Around the Salerooms’ by Huon Mallalieu in Country Life January 27, 1994 page 66 became my go to for this exercise. The reduction/addition process is as follows:

1) Choose five words from each paragraph:
· name, leg, man, interesting, intriguing
· born, lived, travelled, awaiting, passage
· reached, forced, served, commander, worked
· suggested, tending, foot, peasant, began
· giving, sits, common, clothes, worn
· ascending, woman, window, watches, couple
· loving, painted, expected, oddities, laid
· cage, pair, detached, ball, saw
· globe, hinged, identify, spectacles, wanting
· called, begetter, wedding, today, paid
· included, touches, gold, box, sold
· spherical, time, price, beyond, precious
· died, firestorm, rise, battlefields, world

2) Choose one or more of the words from each line:
· leg
· travelled
· commander
· foot
· worn
· woman
· lovingly
· ball
· spectacles
· paid
· gold
· precious
· battlefields

3) Let the imagination run wild using the earmarked original words and adding other words from a place that Steve Rowland often calls the Imaginarium.

Experiment 1

I chose one word of five from each paragraph selected (see above). In the final outcome I wanted the second line of the poem to appear ‘dragging’ at the end, thus the text is aligned on the right for visual effect.

The leg travelled with its commander

dragging the mangled foot behind the worn out old woman

who stopped sat down took off her stocking

to lovingly caress

the ball, heel and toes

looking through spectacles

contemplating the high price paid

touching gold, the precious commodity

that had walked battlefields

Experiment 2

I chose a second set of words, one of the five from each paragraph keeping them again in the same order as originally written, leaving out any words from paragraph six – artist’s license.
· man · awaiting · served · began · giving · expected · cage · wanting · today · time · world

Man awaiting to be served his sentence,
a word less spoken, a mouth began
giving lip service, what he expected
stuck in a cage and wanting more
than bricks and bars, today to break
out but no, break down do time,
the world no longer his, but mine.

Experiment 3

For this last experiment I chose a third set of words, two of the five from each paragraph and mixed up the order. In the end I left out nine of the 24 selected words – again, artist’s license. There are two outcomes.

· firestorm · died · beyond · spherical · called · wedding · identify
· hinged · pair · saw · painted · oddities · couple · watches · sits
· common · suggested · peasant · reached · worked · born · passage
· name · intriguing

Wedding

The couple sits hinged together
cross-legged in a meditative state
the new forest as their only witness
to naked skin, evidential social cloaks
soft and supple - hard worked leather
born through the passage of privilege and a common peasant womb
entering a firestorm of tethers in time dismissed
an intriguing pair of oddities
planted equals set alight
the picture painted
miseries and
discontent
to rise
above
when
true
love
called

In the first layout I left a trail going off to the right to symbolise birth and coming out into the world. In the poem’s development, the couple appears that they will grow together like a tree, rooted in the same earth with the ‘new forest’ symbolising a new audience accepting the joining of two people from different social backgrounds.

I added the ‘new’ to help with the visual shape. As a result, I wondered how the text might work as a concrete poem in the shape of a tree rejigging some words to create an improved shape. I was pleasantly surprised with the final result. 

Wedding

couple sits hinged

together cross-legged in

a meditative state the forest

as their only witness to naked skin

evidential social cloaks soft and supple

versus hard worked leather born through

the passage of privilege and a common

peasant womb entering a firestorm

of tethers in time dismissed the

intriguing pair of oddities

planted equals set

alight the picture

painted

miseries

to rise

above

when

true love called

Thank you for reading.
Kate J

Sources

Frances, M., 2009. Collages and cut ups – The Art of re-arrangement. Personal Construct Theory and Practice, 6. https://www.pcp-net.org/journal/pctp09/frances09.pdf Accessed 3 March, 2024.

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Blackout Poetry: Creative Development

I enjoy writing poetry and making visual art with found things and thus it is a bit surprising that I only discovered blackout poetry in 2023. This type of poetry falls under the category of Found Poetry that according to poets.org takes existing texts and refashions, reorders and presents them as poems.

Blackout Poetry, also referred to as Redacted Poetry is brought into the world by selecting words from a block of text, leaving them in the original position they appeared in print and striking out the rest. This is a meeting of two creative minds, a collaborative endeavour between the most likely unsuspecting author of the original text and the poet who brings to light new revelations, new meaning with the words that have been selected.

It is a form of poetry along with collage poetry (something I discovered much earlier) that upon reflection is a culmination of nearly forty years working in the creative industries; first as a graphic designer/illustrator, then as a maker of collage and assemblage art and later as a writer of poetry.

In July 2023 I began to explore the possibilities of blackout poetry using old National Geographic magazine text and crossing out with a black sharpie. This method produced quite messy visual results and at the beginning I also forgot to photograph the original text.

National Geographic, March 2002, p59. Blackout poetry 2023, KEW

By the time I wrote the 'Catalogue' article for a Dead Good Blog in mid-July, I had figured out a tidier method; photographing the text, inputting into the computer and blacking out using Photoshop.

Army & Navy Stores Catalogue, 1907, p.313. Blackout poetry 2023, KEW

Moving on, considering content for this current article, I began again with photographing the text and then firstly doing the Photoshop method.

Country Life, December 1993, p.58. Blackout poetry 2024, KEW

Then I thought I would experiment further with the original magazine text and add colour using coloured pencils and Ohuhu markers. With this method one can see all original text leaving the selected words appearing as if a cryptic message.

Country Life, December 1993, p.58. Blackout poetry 2024, KEW

The next experiment was using colour and then adding marks with a black technical pen to push back the unwanted text making it nearly illegible.

National Geographic, May 2012, p.57. Blackout poetry 2024, KEW

Country Life, April 1994, p.76. Blackout poetry 2024, KEW

Writing is breakfast process

Writing is breakfast '3'

Thankyou for reading, Kate J

Sources
https://writers.com/what-is-blackout-poetry-examples-and-inspiration

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Blackout Poetry

Dr. Johnson found them 'ingenious and diverting'; Horace Walpole wrote to a friend that he had 'laughed over them till he cried'; Oliver Goldsmith is reported to have felt that 'it would have given him more pleasure to be the author of them than all the works he had ever published of his own.'

I’m talking about the works of one Caleb Whitefoord who published his own alterations of the newspapers of the day under the pseudonym of Papyrius Cursor. Apparently a play on the name Lucius Papirius Cursor. (Don’t ask).

Caleb Whitefoord, portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds

By those who know about these things, this was a new literary form based on the recycling of lines from those newspapers. Whitefoord was a wine-merchant, poet and diplomat and in 1766 published in The Public Advertiser an article entitled A New Method of Reading Newspapers. He gave this method the name 'cross-reading'. Newspapers of the time were arranged in tight columns with narrow margins. Whitefoord seems to have been the first person to notice that reading lines across the page, instead of downwards, produced some interesting results. Here are a few:

At the meeting at Newcastle, Sir B. F. D. was in the chair—and appeared like a dull, faint nebulous star.

We learn from Berlin, that his majesty—Was convicted of debasing the current coin.

Notwithstanding the present exorbitant price of candles—Some dark transactions will soon be brought to light.

In 2012 Austin Kleon published Steal Like An Artist and is well-known for specific blackout poetry using newspapers. According to his website, it all started with Caleb.

Bear with me here for a bit. This is a poem by Emily Dickinson:

The harm of Years is on him —
The infamy of Time —
Depose him like a Fashion
And give Dominion room.

Forget his Morning Forces —
The Glory of Decay
Is a minuter Pageant
Than least Vitality.

However, it seems to be a little known fact that before that poem was written her cousin Emmet Lee Dickinson (a third cousin, twice removed, by her) wrote the poem at the end of this piece.

He had spent the afternoon drinking a few too many corn whiskeys (his favourite libation) at the popular Washerst (a town in Pennsylvania) watering hole, ‘Meter Here – The Bar for Poets’. He blacked out, woke up at the brothel run by Abigail Well-Barnwell (known to Washerstians as ‘Downton Abbey’) and wrote the poem. His poem, in turn, inspired third cousin Emily to write ‘The harm of years is on him’.

For confirmation of this fact you could do worse than visit The Emmett Lee Dickinson Museum (above the coin-op Laundromat Dickinson Boulevard in Washerst). It opened its doors in 1962 with the sole purpose of preserving and promoting his work and they claim that Emmett created a different form of Blackout Poetry, the kind where a poet drinks a bit too much, blacks out and then ‘comes to’ later with a poem he envisioned during his blackout.

This is a link to the site: https://www.thedickinson.net/  and here below is the poem:

The harm of beers is on him –
The infamy of wine –
Unsteadies him in fashion
That his Gait is not straight line.

Forget how many Courses
That turned his state to Stewed –
In one just Happy Hour
Tasted liquors strongly brewed.

Thanks for reading, Terry Q.

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Wonderland: Imagination and Words

When I think of ‘Wonderland’, I plummet down a dark hole with Alice into a curious land of the small, the tall, talking animals, and other strange oddities. This is the world forever etched in Western culture conjured up by the Rev Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, aka Lewis Carroll (1832-1898).

Alice and the Pool of Tears (Illustration: John Tenniel)

Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland c 1890 W.B. Conkey Company, Chicago

Dodgson was a multi-disciplinary master of his imagination creating an upside down world the Victorians believed in and escaped into. His brain was filled with juxtaposition working in diverse languages of words, numbers and the visual. His wide skill-base included not only that of a writer but also logician, puzzle maker, mathematician, photographer and ordained deacon of the Church of England.

It was, or so I thought, that it was with great thanks to Dodgson, the compounding of the words ‘wonder’ (to feel or express great surprise at something or to ask yourself questions) and ‘land’ (a country/particular area of the earth’s surface) found its way into the dictionary however, this is not the case. The earliest known use of this word seemingly is documented in the late 1700s embedded within the writing of ‘P. Pindar’, whoever that was.

Delving deeper into the ‘Wonderland’ word where Alice is concerned, I’m not convinced the dictionary definitions of a place full of wonderful things or an imaginary place of delicate beauty or magical charm is totally applicable considering the threads of Grimm’s fairy tale-like unsettling scary episodes throughout the two stories Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass. Incidents include a near drowning incident, claustrophobic conditions, disorientation, a swarming of bats and an irate Queen of Hearts threating death by head chopping. Therefore, perhaps it might be useful to add to the overall ‘Wonderland’ definition a curious place to question elements of surprise where one can get lost, at times marvel at the twisting of a strangely familiar environment and known reality (however one defines this).

Moving on, I began to wonder (see definition of word above) how many editions have been published of the story in question. Well, since November 1865 over 7,500 editions have been published of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland also known as Alice in Wonderland. It has also been translated into nearly two hundred different languages! I have at least four different versions in my own collection including one that was my grandmother’s from the 1890s.

Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland c 1890
W.B. Conkey Company, Chicago

Where there is a popular story, merchandise is sure to follow and Alice in Wonderland is no different. For well over a century, manufacturers have been coming up with all sorts of products to offer ranging from ceramic figures, Christmas ornaments, dollhouse furniture, teapots, toast racks, stuffed toys and games, the list goes on. I am particularly fond of the Misfitz mix and match card game as pictured below.

Alice in Wonderland Misfitz Card Game 1900-1925 C W Faulkner & Co Ltd (publisher)

V & A Collection, MISC.321-1986

A romp with Alice and her friends is always an adventure. I do hope you’ve enjoyed it. Before we climb out of the rabbit hole and take leave, here’s some poetry and writing from Wonderland and beyond:

Appearing in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865), Chapter 7 and recited by the Hatter, age ?

Twinkle, twinkle, little bat

Twinkle, twinkle, little bat!

      How I wonder what you’re at!

   Up above the world you fly, 

like a tea-tray in the sky.     

Appearing in The Tower, an elementary school publication, written by Katy Eggleston, age 7

Blackout Poetry November 2023, page 167 Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland,  by Kate Eggleston-Wirtz, age ?

Thank you for reading.

☺

Sources

Alice-in-wonderland.net, 2023. About the book “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland”. https://www.alice-in-wonderland.net/resources/background/alices-adventures-in-wonderland/ Accessed 12 November.
Cambridge Dictionary, 2023. Land. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/land accessed 19 November.
Cambridge Dictionary, 2023. Wonder. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/wonder accessed 19 November.
Carroll, L., 1890. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. W.B. Conkey Company, Chicago.
Harper, D., 2023. Wonderland (n). https://www.etymonline.com/word/wonderland accessed 6 Nov 2023.
Victoria and Albert Museum, 2023. Alice in Wonderland Misfitz. https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O26776/alice-in-wonderland-misfitz-card-game-c-w-faulkner/ Accessed 12 November.

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Pills (A Brief History)

Oh those pills! Those small round or oblong solid masses of medicine that come in an array of colours. These are indeed medical miracles that are meant to be swallowed. They have the ability to ease pain, control diseases and cure many ailments. Such little wonders that have developed over millennia.

modern mass-produced pills

Evidence suggests the first pills were created around 1,500 BC in Egypt. At that time, ingredients would have been mixed, then formed into little balls with nimble fingers using excipients such as clay, bread, honey, grease and/or tree resins to bind everything together.

A thousand years later, some pills began to be indented with trademarks as exemplified by Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth) that originated from the Greek Island of Lemnos. At that time, once each year small governmental and religious dignitaries bore witness to a particular clay being dug and removed from a pit on a Lemnian hillside. This clay was then rolled into small pastilles, impressed with a seal by a priestess, sun-dried and finally distributed on a commercial basis to the wider community. This practice has evolved into the unique imprinted codes on pills today that identify the type of medication, its ingredients and also the manufacturer.

The innovative Romans had pill-making equipment as evidenced by an object at the British Museum, a stone with long flat grooves. The pill-maker would press the medicinal mixture into the grooves, make long wormy snake-like strings, then evenly cut them to make the pills.

At the beginning of the Industrial Age (1700s) the first pill-making machine was developed and soon became a must have for any chemist in the 18th, 19th and into the early 20th centuries. This machine would allow the chemist to make it possible to produce a higher quantity of pills quickly.

top half of a Victorian pill making machine
Lancaster Medical Heritage Museum (photo: Peter Dyer)

At the time pill making was a laboursome process even with the machine. Instructed by the doctor, the chemist would have to weigh out and grind up the ingredients with a mortar and pestle, then add a binder which in the Victorian times was typically soap, milk powder or glucose syrup.

mortar and pestle
Lancaster Medical Heritage Museum (photo: Peter Dyer)

In 1843, Englishman William Brockedon invented and was granted a patent for a device that would become the first tablet press leading to the modern day press and mass production that one would see in the twentieth century. Much experimenting was going on during this time. In the later part of the 1800s Silas Burroughs explored disintegration properties between conventionally manufactured, partly coated pills and compressed powders.

Nowadays, according to Thomas Processing, ‘the most common tablet manufacturing process techniques are wet granulation, dry granulation, and direct compression” requiring granulators, mixing equipment, drying machinery, and coating systems to achieve production of tablets.

How far the world has come from hand mixing and rolling a tiny medicinal sphere between the fingers.

With ‘pills’ being food for thought, I was inspired to have another go at some blackout poetry. I really enjoy the challenge.

This first one is extracted from Antique Medical Instruments by E. Bennion.

Pill Box

rare one
in time art
unique

hold many
a globular shape

made by
eighteenth century
pharmacists

expired makers

This piece came from an article by Elsevier published in International Journal of Pharmaceutics Volume 581.

act

process

develop
act

mix
connect
integrate

interact
evaluate
process

blend
experiment
analyze

the eccentric
raw drug
us

And finally, here’s one using the beginning of Gaikwad and Kshirsagar’s Review on Tablet in Tablet techniques.

feel       taste
art and literature
focus on form
review techniques

release

Thank you for reading.
Kate J

Sources:

* Elsevier, B.V., 2020. End to end continuous manufacturing of conventional compressed tablets: From flow synthesis to tableting through integrated crystallization and filtration. International Journal of Pharmeceutics Volume 581. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378517320302817 (Accessed 30 July 2023).
*Gaikwadd S.S. and Kshirsagar S.J., 2020. Review on Tablet in Tablet techniques, Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 9, Article Number 1. https://bjbas.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43088-019-0027-7 (Accessed 1 August 2023).
*Gallway City Museum, 2023. Collections Spotlight – Victorian Pill Making Machine. https://galwaycitymuseum.ie/blog/collections-spotlight-victorian-pill-making-machine/?locale=en (Accessed 30 July 2023).
*LeDoux, M., 2016. The history of compounds, extraction and tablet compression. https://www.naturalproductsinsider.com/contract-manufacturing/history-compounds-extraction-and-tablet-compression (Accessed 30 July 2023).
*Mestel, R., 2002. The Colorful History of Pills Can Fill Many a Tablet. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-mar-25-he-booster25-story.html (Accessed 30 July 2023).
*Museum of Healthcare at Kingston, 2023. From the Collection Pill Machine. https://artefact.museumofhealthcare.ca/?p=380 (Accessed 30 July 2023).
*Thomas Processing, 2022. How Tablets Are Manufactured. https://thomasprocessing.com/how-tablets-are-manufactured/ (Accessed 30 July 2023).
*Thom, R. 2014. Terra Sigillata, An Early “Trademarked” Drug. https://hannemanarchive.com/2014/12/12/history-of-pharmacy/ (Accessed 30 July 2023).

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Catalogues To Blackout Poetry

Once upon a time long before e-commerce there was the department store catalogue. It was a Hermione’s handbag in book form. It had anything you could ever want, and you could bet your bottom dollar that it would empty your purse at the end of the day.

In my world growing up in the suburbs of Chicago I remember many popular catalogues; Montgomery Ward (first general mail order company in America launched in 1872), J.C. Penney, and Marshall Fields to name a few. However, none became as legendary as the Sears Catalogue.

Richard Sears began flogging his watches and jewellry through a printed mailer in 1888, the historic catalogue’s humble beginnings. Sears formed a partnership with Alvah Curtis Roebuck and together they nurtured and grew Sears, Roebuck & Co. They diversified the mail order business to general merchandise and by 1894 the catalogue was a lengthy 322 pages. Eight years later, the company was serving over two million customers worldwide!

1902 Sears, Roebuck & Co Catalogue
Crown Publishers Inc (1969)

The catalogue was not a freebie. In 1902, one would have parted with 50 cents for the privilege to peruse; a whopping $17.74 USD/£13.53 GBP in today’s money. Quite pricey, but what the company offered was a wide variety of much cheaper goods than its competitors.

Fun fact, when the catalogue became out of date it was often upcycled behind closed doors in the outhouse. Using the pages as toilet paper went into decline in the 1930s when the company changed to a glossy, clay coated catalogue paper. Interestingly at that time Sears, Roebuck and Co. was inundated with complaints.

I recently got my hands on a reprint of a 1902 Edition of the Sears, Roebuck Catalogue thanks to Boz Phillips, an avid collector of many things including vintage catalogues. Her collection includes a Dandy Été 1960 (men’s and women’s clothing), Moda Y Arte Revista Españole de Calzado Winter 1934 (shoe catalogue reprint), Tower List 53 (scientific apparatus and chemicals) and Morris Conveyors Number 187 (conveyor belts and mechanical items).

Boz also has a reprint of the 1907 Army & Navy Stores Catalogue which is a mammoth size hardback book nine centimetres thick. I was not familiar with this and she says it is a British version of the Sears’ Catalogue.

Yesterday's Shopping, Army & Navy Stores Catalogue 1907
David & Charles Reprints (1969)

The Army & Navy Stores Catalogue was the brainchild of a group of army and naval officers who formed an Army & Navy Co-operative Society in 1871 offering goods (wine being the very first on offer) and services at reduced prices to its members. Stores were opened in London and in 1901 other branches were opened in Bombay, Delhi, Calcutta and Karachi.

The company also manufactured many of their own products i.e. groceries, cigars, shirts, leather goods, watches, cutlery and fishing tackle. This brought their prices down even further. Services on offer included house removals, estate agency, house repairs and catering. One could even buy tickets to the opera, theatre or musical concerts. The original massive cloth-bound catalogue kept those stationed abroad in touch with home.

In exploring these two fascinating catalogues, I decided to use digital copies of a few of the pages for creative inspiration and do some blackout poetry. Recently I’ve been really enjoying doing this with National Geographic magazines. Blackout poetry I find even more challenging than collage poetry as one is not only restricted to the words at hand but also their placement. It has forced me to construct poems using words and structures I wouldn’t necessarily choose when coming straight out of my head. I also like the visual element. Here are three of my favourites.

Sears, Roebuck& Co. 1902 - page 1008

book of us
ice storm heavy
seams great
exceptional wear
lasting pair
special

keep our hands warm
in the coldest weather

Sears, Roebuck & Co. 1902 - page 915

Anybody can fly
like a bird in a moderate breeze,
no wind short of a gale
is too strong.

This is success.

Army & Navy Stores Catalogue. 1907 - page 313

see inside

upon frozen roads
the animal slipping
covering up
run

Thank you for reading.

Kate J

Sources
Transform SR Brands, LLC, 2023. History of the Sears Catalogue. http://www.searsarchives.com/catalogs/history.htm (Accessed 16 July 2023).
The Plumber.com, 2023. Toilet Paper – The History ‘Behind’ It. https://theplumber.com/toiletpapershortagefun/ (Accessed 16 July 2023).
Starmens, B.J., 2017. Sears, Roebuck Mail Order Catalogue. https://www.thesocialhistorian.com/sears-roebuck-mail-order-catalogue/ (Accessed 16 July 2023).
Adburgham A., 1969. Yesterday’s Shopping The Army & Navy Stores Catalogue 1907. David & Charles Reprints, Devon.
Amory, C., 1969. 1902 Edition of The Sears, Roebuck Catalogue. Crown Publishers Inc., U.S.A.

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